1 Bitwise ops

trivial.

2 Swapping

Let $\otimes$ denote coordinate-wise XOR in $\mathbb{F}_2^n$. Notice that $(\mathbb{F}_2^n, \otimes)$ forms an Abelian group, where for any vector $p$, $p\otimes p = 0$, that is every element is its own inverse. Additionally, $0$ is the identity element. Therefore, to swap two bits, first note that for any $a,b \in \mathbb{F}_2^n$ \[\begin{align*} a &= a \otimes 0 = a \otimes b \otimes b \\ b &= 0 \otimes b = a \otimes a \otimes b \end{align*}\] so in code

void swap(int *a, int *b) {
    *a ^= *b;   // *a = a ^ b
    *b ^= *a;   // *b = a ^ b ^ b = a ^ 0 = a
    *a ^= *b;   // *a = a ^ b ^ a = b ^ 0 = b
}

an alternative is using $+$ since machines do addition modulo $\mathbb{Z}/2^w\mathbb{Z}$.

3 Bit masks

b = a % 16;

Note that $16 = 2^4$, so we mask it with the bit sequence $1111 = 15 = (F)_{16}$, obtaining
```
andi   $s1, $s0, 0xF
```
b = (a / 8) * 8;

This effectively zeroes the lowest $3$ bits. I could either
- And-mask the lowest 3 bits then bitwise xor;
```
andi    $t0, $s0, 0x7       # lowest 3 bits go to $t0
xor     $s1, $s0, $t0
```
- Shift right, then shift left.
```
srl     $s1, $s0, 3
sll     $s1, $s1, 3
```
Which is better?

4 Bit twiddling

1. $s0 = 0x8000001F
2. $s0 = 0x0AAAAAAA
For every $1$ in the sequence $s0 $\in \mathbb{F}_2^{32}$, it toggles the MSB of $s0.

5 Loop through array

Tracing. In iterations…
1. First iteration. \[\begin{align*} t_1 &\leftarrow M[112] = 108 \\ s_1 &\leftarrow 0 + 108 = 108 \\ t_0 &\leftarrow M[4 + 112] = M[116] = 124 \end{align*}\]
2. Second iteration. \[\begin{align*} t_1 &\leftarrow M[124] = 104 \\ s_1 &\leftarrow 108 + 104 = 212 \\ t_0 &\leftarrow M[4 + 124] = M[128] = 100 \end{align*}\]
3. Third iteration. \[\begin{align*} t_1 &\leftarrow M[100] = 120 \\ s_1 &\leftarrow 212 + 120 = 332 \\ t_0 &\leftarrow M[4 + 100] = M[104] = 132 \end{align*}\]
Set $M[104] \leftarrow 0$ will cause it to terminate.
“High-level” code

int t0 = 112, t1, s1 = 0;
while (t0 != 0) {
    t1 = M[t0];
    s1 += t1;
    t0 = M[t0+1];
}

or in pointer notation,

int *t0 = 112, t1, s1 = 0;
while (t0 != 0) {
    t1 = *t0;
    s1 += t1;
    t0 = *(t0+1);
}